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The croton oil as an energy source

Ottilia De Marco, Gigliola Camaggio and Serena Stifani
University of Bari

The global energy situation is very critical so you need to pay close attention to all possible alternative sources of supply. The agricultural sector can play an important role in this regard and biomass in particular, can help to reduce energy dependence, exploitation of marginal areas, agro-industrial residues and allow the reduction of greenhouse gases.

agricultural crops intended for this purpose are different and there is a lot of attention recently for the Croton tiglium L. which yields an oil with quality e quantitative interessanti per la produzione di biodiesel e per l’impatto ambientale contenuto determinato dalla sua produzione. Si ottiene dai semi del Croton tiglium L.), un arbusto sempre verde , appartenente alla famiglie delle Euphorbiaceae, originario dell’Estremo Oriente che, a causa di un componente resinoso, croton resina, è altamente tossico e irritante.

Il Croton tiglium L trova numerose applicazioni: il legname è adatto per le costruzioni e come legna da ardere; il guscio può essere utilizzato come combustibile nelle stufe;i semi, la corteccia e le foglie degli alberi sono impiegati in campo farmaceutico; l’olio può essere usato come biocarburante nei motori diesel e in campo farmaceutico. In medical field is used since the Middle Ages because of its disinfectant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. It is not edible because it could be toxic if used in the energy sector.

The plant is suitable for the conditions at 1500 m above sea level. The seeds, which ripen in November and December, are collected (also with a yield of 750-1000 kg / ha) and have a high oil content (40-50%). With chemical and physical characteristics very similar Jatropha oil in recent years is emerging as a valuable bioresources.

oil, which can be extracted through a mechanical process pressure or chemical solvent extraction process is subjected to trans-esterification che permette di ottenere il biodiesel che presenta un buon numero di cetano e punto di infiammabilità. Nel periodo di massima maturazione della pianta è possibile ottenere circa 400-1000 kg di biodiesel/ha. Pertanto l’olio di Croton tiglium L può rappresentare una buona opportunità

L’Italia con una produzione annua (2008) di circa 595.000 t di biodiesel si colloca al terzo posto in Europa dopo la Germania (2.819.000 t) e la Francia (1.815.000 t).

Attualmente, a livello nazionale, il punto di forza dell’intera filiera del biodiesel è rappresentato dalla fase produttiva,mentre la principale debolezza è la reperibilità delle materie prime di partenza. La maggior parte di queste ultime is used in Italy is imported from European countries (France, Spain and Austria) that exstraeuropei (Argentina, South America, Brazil and Canada).

60% of domestically produced biodiesel is also exported to European countries (Germany, France and Austria) as the product of trans-esterification (glycerol) is exported to Asian countries.

At present Italy to improve the biodiesel industry has need for raw materials available throughout the country. In such a way as to minimize imports and avoid incurring a new dependency. An example of growing stock can be represented by the Croton tiglium L.

The use of croton oil as a biofuel, currently is under investigation so we will not have useful data to provide a thorough analysis.

This product has many advantages such as low exhaust emissions, the absence of hydrocarbons, particulates and aromatic compounds, biodegradability, non-edible and therefore its use in the energy sector diverts resources to the sector food. The croton oil could meet the different standards for biofuels, but you need further scientific research in order to assess its possible use as a resource at the national level. The plant croton is also cultivated in European countries, but at present it is not present in Italy, although it could adapt to the territory. It would be important to nurture it and use it as bioresources in Italian forests, providing a practical contribution to combating climate change and global warming.

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The water footprint (the "water cost") of the goods: the case of olive oil

V. Amicarelli *, T. Gallucci *, G. Lagioia * and V. Dimitrova **

*** University of Bari

** University of Economics Varna, Bulgaria

The ability to direct economic development in a sustainable manner depends on knowledge of the interactions existing between anthropic and natural. In particular, the knowledge of the relations between the territory, understood as the set of natural resources such as air, water, soil, fauna, flora, climate and human activities, you can highlight the pressures environmental exercised by them. The information obtained will form the basis for the protection and management of natural resources of an area without compromising the chances of developing

This approach has characterized a large part of national and international scientific production. In particular, the research activities of prof. Fog and the entire Department of Geographical and Commodity University of Bari, since the '60s, focused on the description and the evaluation of interactions between the availability of natural resources and the production system.

More recently, the international scientific debate has suggested the use tread water or "water footprint (WF) defined as the amount of water used and / or polluted water during all stages of production of goods and services consumed by an individual, a group of individuals or a nation. The water footprint can then be calculated for one person, a well-defined group of people (a family, a city, a nation) for economic activity and also for a single commodity or service. In each case the indicator is proposed as a tool for managing less unsustainable water resources. In particular, it is useful for the analysis of the pressure of these resources and to restore equilibrium (sustainable) which can be maintained for a long time or, in freshwater availability, consumption patterns, business and political government.

The concept of "water footprint" was introduced in 2002 by Professor Arjen Hoekstra, has now received international attention for being a multidimensional indicator. In fact, it does not only determine the total cost of water in a commodity or service (the concept of virtual water) but specifies the source (rainwater, surface or groundwater) and the place where the taking occurred. In addition, this indicator includes specific and pollution of the water resource because it considers necessary to restore the initial qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The indicator is composed of three components: green water, blue water and gray water. The first relates to precipitation (eg used for the production of biomass), the second considers surface water and groundwater needed for production and consumption of goods and services and, finally, the third component refers to the pollution by calculating the volume of dilution water necessary to restore di specifici standard di qualità.

Obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato l’applicazione di questo indicatore ad un caso concreto per valutarne la funzionalità ed utilità. Con tale scopo si è quindi analizzato il settore dell’olio extravergine di oliva, molto rilevante per il nostro paese. L’Italia, infatti, è il secondo produttore mondiale, uno dei maggiori consumatori e contemporaneamente un grande esportatore (soprattutto di oli pregiati) ed importatore (dalla Spagna e dalla Grecia). L’analisi effettuata ha riguardato un arco temporale di quattro anni ed ha interessato non solo il nostro paese ma anche la Spagna e la Grecia quali maggiori mercati di riferimento per le importazioni ed esportazioni Italian.

The water footprint estimate for the production of extra virgin olive oil in Italy amounted to 2500-5500 m3 of water per tonne of oil produced (m3 / t). In particular, the impact of the three components is as follows: green water

165-2200 m3 / t
blue water ; 925-935 m3 / t
gray water 1.450-2.350 m3/t

Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, è stato possibile illustrare gli impatti associati al settore oleario italiano sulle risorse idriche nazionali:m quanta acqua è necessaria per la produzione complessiva di olio d'oliva nell’arco temporale osservato (1.700-3.700 Mm3), quanta acqua lascia virtualmente il nostro paese attraverso l'esportazione di questo prodotto (508-1.095 Mm3) e quanta ne arriva con le importazioni (2.400-4.100 Mm3) e quali sono le criticità del sistema produttivo oleario nazionale sono alcuni degli interrogativi cui è possibile rispondere utilizzando questo indicatore.

I risultati ottenuti sono utili sia per le aziende, perché evidenziando i punti critici del ciclo it can improve production efficiency, is pledging to policy makers in the planning of new policies of economic development and conservation of natural resources.

The full article will be published in the journal (IJSE) International Journal of Sustainable Economy, vol. 3, No 4 (2011).

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17th Congress of the International Commodity, Bucharest 2010

John Lagioia

University of Bari

g.lagioia @ dgm.uniba.it

from 21 to 25 September 2010 was held in Bucharest (Romania) 17th Symposium sponsored dall'IGWT the international scientific society of Commodity Science. The title chosen by the host site, the Academy of Economic Studies, was Facing the Challenges of the Future: Excellence in Business and Commodity Science. The Academy is home to the Faculty of Commerce where the commodity studies are integrated with those related to tourism services and trade.

The main purpose of the Scientific Meeting was to compare the participants of the contribution that science can provide merchandise to the challenges imposed by future management and development of economic activities. In particular, the promoters of the meeting focused on the pressures that "environmental constraints" faced by economic activities as the creation of "excellence" or examples of production activities are able to develop while respecting the environment.

The issues discussed as a summary of suggested topics and those resulting from the contributions made (over 200), is attributable to:

Food quality and safety, in which it discussed the innovations in food analysis of nutrients, the new packaging, studies on food chains and the role of labeling

quality management where the contributions deal with various systems of quality management or summarize the results of qualitative analysis of products;

New approaches Environmental Protection, one works nel vivace dibattito sugli strumenti per valutare le ricadute ambientali e sociali della gestione delle attività economiche o s’illustrano le caratteristiche delle merci a minore impatto ambientale;

ed infine nella tematica Scienza del consumo: innovazione, cultura ed etica si registrano varie ricerche nelle quali gli autori forniscono le loro idee circa l’evoluzione culturale degli studi merceologici, gli effetti della globalizzazione sui modelli di consumo delle merci e sul rapporto impresa-consumatore e, infine, le innovazioni nel settore dei prodotti non alimentari.

Il simposio ha visto la partecipazione di studiosi provenienti da vari paesi europei e asiatici, dove sono prevalentemente presenti gli studi merceologici at the University.

Acts collect contributions have been published as a special issue of the journal Romanian "Calitatea - on the success" http://www.calitatea.srac.ro/en/archive_supplements.html

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XXV National Congress of Commodity

From 26 September 28 will be held in Udine and Trieste, organized by prof. Luciano Ceccon University of Udine, the XXV National Congress of the Commodity on the theme "Contribution of Commodity Science for a sustainable world"

Organization Information can be found at: http://www.econ.units. com / XXV-CongAISME

At the opening ceremony del Congresso, che avrà luogo a Trieste il 26 settembre 2011, verrà consegnata una targa ricordo alla vedova del prof. Claudio Calzolari (1920-2007), per molti anni titolare della cattedra di Merceologia e direttore del prestigioso Istituto di Merceologia di quella Università.

Da quando, circa 50 anni fa, i fondatori della Merceologia colsero l'importanza di organizzare il primo Congresso Nazionale, i temi trattati e l'ottica con la quale essi vengono affrontati si sono continuamente e profondamente trasformati, aggiornandosi alle varie esigenze.

Oggi, in un'epoca nella quale gli scambi di merci, informazioni e persone non solo all'interno dei singoli Paesi, ma a livello intercontinentale e planetario sono diventati sempre più facili e rapidi, anche i Merceologi sono chiamati ad affrontare tali argomenti avendo come termine di confronto un obiettivo di sostenibilità non a livello di singoli Paesi o aree geografiche, ma a livello globale (Mondo Sostenibile).

Pertanto tutte le tematiche di nostro interesse, alle quali non a caso nel XXV Congresso del 2011 è dedicata una specifica sessione di approfondimento (Alimenti; Ambiente; Energia; Qualità, Tecnologia ed Innovazione), non possono più essere viste in un'ottica locale.

Inoltre, le nuove sfide sempre più impegnative alle quali l'uomo è chiamato a rispondere per assicurare non solo il progresso e lo sviluppo, ma la stessa sopravvivenza della Land, require a multidisciplinary approach, whereby each field of science can play an important role and help to identify possible solutions.

Food

The development of the agro-food sector depends heavily on behavioral habits, and then the social and economic changes of a society in constant evolution. This means that all operators in the industry are called to respond to new demands of a consumer who requires healthy food, low impact, high health value, easily storable, with clear and comprehensive statements on the label.

The qualitative and quantitative components, security of use, traceability and quality assurance of an agri-food product, the value of the approach Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the production chain of a food in the context of typical, are some aspects to the product categories has the duty of care. To make room for these and other topics related to food has been designed a special session.

Environment

There is a growing concern about the environmental consequences of human activities, which over the years have resulted in a deterioration of the characteristics of soil and subsoil, surface and underground water and atmosphere.

Today you need to replace certain substances or materials with less hazardous, to reduce emissions harmful to the environment and human health, decrease the amount of waste generated, can be used as secondary raw materials because we have an obligation to be respectful of ourselves and future generations. An important support to the management of environmental impacts of products, processes and activities is provided by the environmental certification systems and the LCA tool.

its meeting the Environment will take into account the contributions both in terms of impact on the environment caused by the phases of production / consumption / disposal of products and / or delivery / use of services, which the latest initiatives and strategies to reduce their negative view of environmental sustainability.

Energy

The increasingly massive energy requirements, which has characterized the history of recent centuries, is the main cause of many problems that we are now forced to face. The use of fossil fuels, exhaustible and polluting, must now be limited by intelligent policies to reduce energy use, as well as wider use of alternative energy.

perspective of sustainable development is necessary to know the limits of "physical" energy resources of the planet. The earth is made, also in this field, finite resources, the only external input is derived from solar energy. The possible modes of recovery of such energy are manifold. The energy incorporated into biomass and wind power have always been exploited by man, but more are the possible ways of using solar energy, thanks to increasingly sophisticated and innovative processing technologies. For these reasons the use of different energy sources is a topic of increasing relevance.

its meeting on Energy will be taken into account the contributions which relate in particular to the most recent and efficient use of renewable resources is that of non-renewable sources.

quality, technology and innovation

In many industries and in many countries to focus on product / service quality, entering into the mechanism of technological innovation and continuous improvement, it has become essential to compete in a global world.

The challenge represented by a management system based on the process-oriented environmental and social sustainability, besides economic, can not be separated from the use of best available technologies. The areas of application are endless, from electronics, information technology, telecommunications, the various productive sectors (agribusiness, construction, forestry, manufacturing, medical, mining and services).

technology and innovation, properly harmonized with the protection of health and safety, thus playing a key role in sustainable development.

the issues of quality and technological innovation is therefore devoted a specific session.

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Memorial Ted Wong Jeet Kune Do in Milan - Italy

David Gardella is a truly amazing person! Her ability to 'express the principles and philosophy of JKD, make it really able to explain every little detail of the significant moments in his life, spent with Sifu Ted Wong.

For Sunday, January 30th at the sports hall of Milan, held a memorial dedicated to Ted Wong, a very important event for us all Group members of our Sifu, which we shared every aspect of his teachings. Thanks to the CAAM in Milan, the founder and Carmine Terzulli Alessandra Tassi, this seminar could bear fruit.

The seminar began at 9:30 am with a nice warm-based physical exercise, gymnastics and strength training. All of course under the supervision of David Gardella. After heating up, David has divided the members into two groups: advanced (best instructors and students) and beginners. In explaining the key principles of JKD, David spoke of the guard position and its correct attitude that each member of the JKD should have. There is no better way to approach the JKD without first having mastered the best attitude to gain stability and mobility in the execution of techniques. After several years devoted to raising awareness of proper positioning, David explained in detail the direct contact with the lead hand and the variations of Footwork. In fact, the footwork and direct are the most important key of all the JKD. According to Ted Wong, they represent the roots of JKD. Without proper use of footwork and a building with adequate, the fighter is completely lacking of strength and speed to be offensive. All of this approach has been made clear much later, when we began to devote ourselves to simulated sparring with the guards. In fact, in sparring a lot of things put into practice before, was much more difficult to use because the techniques require much time to fully absorb and obviously takes a lot of patience training.

After we practice the techniques in couples with protections, we spent the remaining time to actual sparring, but in a very different way. The training was to implement the direct contact with the lead hand trying to touch first the enemy, using every means available (footwort, parades, evasive maneuvers) so you do get into our room for maneuver. About to strike an opponent with a direct win.

At the end of the stage, David Wong talked about Ted and his time spent in his company, highlighting the fact that the best way to honor his teachings is to train and gain increasing experience, especially to permeate every aspect of their lives teaching with humility and perseverance.

Luigi Clemente

The name, references, images, symbols, logos and trademarks associated with Ted Wong Ted Wong are the property of and are used by JEET KUNA DO - CAAM with the express permission of Ted Wong.
No content may be extracted or used in any medium, in whole or in part, without the express permission of Ted Wong. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners

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