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The legacy of Bruce Lee

The legacy of Bruce Lee

27/11/40 - 27/11/2010

In Memory of Bruce "The Dragon" Lee

Who is the heir to Bruce Lee?

What does it mean to be heir to Bruce Lee?

there anyone in this generation can match it in all its aspects that have fabulous contraddistinto da molti artisti marziali?

Molti si pongono queste domande e, viene in mente ancora una volta la domanda per eccellenza: chi è l’erede di Bruce Lee? Ci può essere qualcuno in grado di interpretare ciò che egli insegnava, coltivava e praticava nel corso della sua vita?

In tutta franchezza, io non credo che ci sia stato o ci sarò qualcuno in grado di eguagliarlo, perché egli era un uomo così completo, dalle grandi qualità umane; un artista marziale capace di “centrifugare” l’avversario con l’agilità dei suoi colpi. Egli era un artista della vita, capace di permeare ogni aspetto filosofico dell’esistenza.

Dico questo, non per classificare Bruce Lee come ad un uomo invincibile, essere perfetto, al contrario, ciò che ha sempre reso Bruce un grande artista, secondo il mio parere, era la sua umanità, la sua continua ricerca di se stesso e del proprio potenziale; egli descrive chiaramente questo concetto della sua personalità, tanto è vero che amava definire se stesso come: “human being”.

Dato che molti dei miei articoli precedenti risalenti alla sua memoria riguardavano la mia passione per lui, come l’ho conosciuto e cosa rappresenta per me, stavolta mi sono concentrato sull’aspetto ereditario che ha suscitato il suo carisma nel cuore di milioni di persone sparse per il mondo.

Nel 1967 Bruce Lee identificò la sua personale via delle arti marziali col nome di Jeet Kune Do, che letteralmente significa: “La via per intercettare il pugno”. In realtà Bruce, non ha mai voluto etichettare la sua arte come una forma o uno stile, perché il JKD non ha forme, non ha schemi fissi; il suo fulcro è quello di mettere il combattente in continua lotta con se stesso, al fine di renderlo un uomo più completo. Questo è vero in base a ciò che Bruce Lee stesso said in an interview with Pierre Berton, in 1971. He said "I do not believe in systems, nor in the models. I do not think there is a system to fight the Japanese, or Chinese or whoever. Unless there are beings on earth with four arms and three legs. Unless we are to be structurally different from us, there can be a different way of fighting. This is due to the fact that we have two arms and two legs, the goal is to run them at most "

Bruce's philosophy is to discover and personal growth of each individual. He believed that man was more important than style or pre-established models. The style, according to Bruce, limits the creativity of the human staff, making him a slave of mechanical and choreographic forms.

During an interview in 1971, Bruce states: "On one hand there is a natural instinct, the other self-control. We must learn to harmonize both. While the instinct to prevail, you would be an undisciplined man. If, however, prevailed self-control, you'd be a mechanical man, no longer a human being. "

Here it is at the heart of the thought of Bruce and we can also translate in martial arts. The art gives us the opportunity to sincerely express our whole being. If you overrode the instinct to fight, we would become just thugs, not policy. If we gave importance only to the philosophical aspect, we would become intellectuals without practice. To be a true artist, the man, the practitioner should combine both and make them part of himself, through a long and painstaking process of learning and training, was able to honestly express themselves in martial arts.

In the years to learn, to apply the principles and philosophy of the art of Jeet Kune Do in Genoa to stage with David Gardella e con Ted Wong, ho conosciuto in profondità il pensiero e lo spirito di Bruce.

Ho conosciuto non Bruce l’invincibile, l’attore famoso, o la star di Hollywood, ma Bruce l’uomo, l’essere umano, l’artista della vita. Questo è ciò che rende un praticante della sua arte, eredità viva e fiamma incandescente che mai perderà il suo folclore.

Nessun uomo potrà mai eguagliare la sua umanità, perché ognuno di noi è un essere unico e irripetibile, e Bruce era unico ed irripetibile nel suo genere. Fino a quando crederemo in noi stessi e ci identificheremo nel reale spirito delle arti marziali, Bruce Lee will never die and will always be an endless source of inspiration for all those who love and practice with earnestness and perseverance, the martial arts.

Luigi Clemente

name, references, images, symbols, logos and trademarks associated with Ted Wong Ted Wong are the property of and are used by Jeet Kune Do - CAAM with the express permission of Ted Wong.
No content may be extracted or used in any medium, in whole or in part, without the express permission of Ted Wong. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.

Ho Much Is The Abortion Pill

The recycling-logy, a chapter of the Commodity

La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno, martedì 23 novembre 2010.

Giorgio Nebbia nebbia@quipo.it

Propongo di chiamare riciclo-logia quel capitolo della Merceologia che si occupa della tecnologia del riciclo dei materiali usati e delle proprietà dei prodotti riciclati. Chi volesse svolgere questo corso in una Università ha oggi a disposizione un apposito trattato chiamato: “L’Italia del riciclo”, pubblicata nei mesi scorsi dalla Fondazione per lo sviluppo sostenibile, una organizzazione presieduta da Edo Ronchi che è stato Ministro dell’ambiente nel governo Prodi (1996-1998) e che ha legato al suo nome al primo decreto moderno e organico sul trattamento dei rifiuti.

Come tale decreto ben specifica, la prima azione da fare per diminuire la massa waste that ends up in landfills and incinerators is to reuse the materials in which the goods, products used and thrown away (those who "refuse" and therefore are called "waste") are made. This is to revive in the form of new products, those that are rejected, a company that should mobilize scientists, chemists, engineers and production, but in reality very little is being implemented.

For starters you should know what each product is made. For example, it's easy to say paper, but to get new paper from waste paper and ink should know where and what types of additives such as cellulose have been used in the manufacture of each piece of paper and cardboard discarded. Despite the many gaps in the information, many things you can do to obtain goods which are still useful by almost 40 million tons of municipal solid waste and 150 million tons of waste "special".

The book provides many useful suggestions mentioned at the beginning explaining the origin of their merchandise, some characters, and the results of several different processes for recycling of waste. The first chapter concerns the paper in 2008 have been released for consumption around 11 million tonnes of paper and cardboard, about half of them in the form of packages: the collection of the total was around 6 million tonnes, but these were avviate al riciclo circa 3 milioni di tonnellate, soprattutto di imballaggi che sono raccolti diligentemente dai supermercati e dai negozi: avrete visto che la sera accanto al cassonetto, davanti ai negozi, ci sono cartoni ben ripiegati che saranno raccolti e che sono destinati al riciclo, un processo che produce anche lui dei residui e rifiuti. Nel complesso di tutta la carta e i cartoni consumati circa il 40 percento va perduto, il che mostra quanto ancora si possa migliorare nel campo delle raccolta differenziata e del riciclo di questa frazione merceologica.

Un po’ meglio vanno le cose per il vetro; rispetto ad un consumo nazionale di vetro di circa 4,5 milioni di tonnellate nel 2009, il consumo di imballaggi è stato di circa 2 milioni di tonnes of which were collected about 1.5 million tonnes, of which just over 1.3 million tons are from separate collection, which also provides just over 1.1 million tons of material reused in really production of new glass, the glass improperly collected with other waste plastic, metals, etc., is lost. The study concluded that indicates how far to go yet well made for a collection of glass packaging alone, a real, not fake, waste collection, just so you can actually use less raw materials (sand, sodium carbonate, marble, etc.) , less water and energy.

Other interesting chapters riciclologia of this Treaty relating to the plastics, rubber and used tires, wood, aluminum and other nonferrous metals, scrap metals and steel packaging as "cans" used in many foods and beverages; the so-called WEEE, ie household waste, fridges, washing machines, but also of electronic equipment such as computers, televisions, etc.. In Italy in 2009 were marketed refrigerators, air conditioners and water heaters for a weight of 120,000 tons, it is conceivable that more or less the same amount has been thrown away, but the waste of these devices have been identified about 60,000 tonnes, making think that a lot ended up in illegal dumps. In the same year were placed on the market 74,000 tonnes of televisions and monitors, and they were collected for 58,000 tons.

While the recycling of goods "simple", such as paper, glass, plastic, it is relatively easy, the recovery of materials from complex goods such as appliances and electronic waste raises difficult environmental problems because sometimes even contain toxic substances, many of which are unknown in because sometimes they are appliances made many years ago, no one knows how. A portion of electronic waste, for example, is exported to Africa, India, China, Far East, where many patients hands dismantled (Often without taking precautions to health and environment) components in their equipment to recover precious metals hidden in the midst of plastics and other materials. Similar problems have in the disposal of vehicles (in 2009 was 1.2 million tonnes, the weight of those slated for demolition) and batteries and accumulators.

The law not only provides for the collection of used lubricating oils, which are partly recycled, but also waste oils and fats after frying in industry and local restaurants and in 2009 they were harvested 42,000 tons, a amount will increase. It is estimated that each year about 280,000 tons of fat frying be thrown away (not counting those that are thrown away in the domestic sector) and this mass of fat used improperly placed in the sewers, hamper the functioning of water treatment, when they could, with appropriate treatments, lubricants and even become fuel for diesel engines. There's wealth in waste and sewers.

What Is The Best Vacuum For Use On Frieze Carpet?

merceologia A "solar"

Giorgio Nebbia

Human society move into the future using every year (2009) an amount of energy equivalent to that embodied in about 11 billion tons of oil, about 460 EJ. Most of this energy "business" comes from oil, coal, natural gas, extracted from the bowels of the earth, fossil materials formats, hundreds of millions of years, the transformation of vegetal and animal substances, and no longer reconstitutable horizon (reasonably foreseeable) of humanity. Apart from a small village, fortunately on the decline, nuclear power, on a scale much smaller than the goods-energy comes from the motion of water such as hydropower, a stream provided by the cycle of evaporation and condensation generated from the sun, a stream that returns every year available, the goods-wide minimum energy is obtained from plants which convert solar radiation and wind energy into electricity. A certain amount of energy in countries and poor communities, is the burning of wood and agricultural waste, but that are largely beyond the accounting "official" international, although some estimates by the FAO indicate that energy from wood (trees and forest products) account for about 7 then for about 25-30% EJ, the world's energy needs.

The fraction of energy sales from renewable sources (water, sun, wind) is slightly more than 10 EJ is completely irrelevant to the flow of energy that the sun radiates on the surface of the Earth each year, about 3,500,000 EJ, EJ reach 1,000,000 in the land.

Read

In the beginning the twenty-first century we are approaching an era of scarcity of oil and, soon, including depletion of natural gas reserves. There remain large reserves of coal, but the transition to a society of coal requires the solution of scientific-technical and geopolitical issues very great: just to name one, oil is liquid and easily provides liquid fractions such as those suitable for existing engines automotive; the transformation of coal into transport fuel (even if going through hydrogenation processes which provide hydrogen or methanol) requires a revolution to which we are unprepared.

that remains is to look with new attention to the Sun that "works" every year 100 billion tons of plant products on land, causing the flow each year to 40 trillion tons of water on the surface of the continents.

Silent and perfect every day of the year in any part of the Earth, solar radiation provides the energy necessary to combine carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is the atmosphere and water and soil in organic molecules ( that ends with release of oxygen in the air). The first, relatively simple products containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, formed in the first stage of photosynthesis, are transformed, thanks to nitrogen and many other elements from the soil, in a huge variety of molecules: carbohydrates, fats, proteins. And within each "class" of molecules, the nature indulges in every plant, to offer variety and substance for which expertise is unfortunately still largely incomplete. Some of these molecules are used by "animals" that, with as much imagination, transform the plant molecules in a number indescribable (as known) of organic molecules

Agriculture "economic", and livestock that depend on it, using only a very limited number of the wealth of nature, those for which there is an outlet for immediate or traditional, and yet if you explore just a little herbal substances present in smaller plants, for their potential commercial interest, it turns out numerous opportunities for industrial production, research and work.

The "synthetic revolution" that began in the early decades of the nineteenth century, has meant that today, with the exception of food, at least eighty percent of the over ten billion tons of goods that are consumed each year on Earth is the source "non-organic" (although the fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, although, strictly speaking, are far from organic.)

The chemistry of synthetic products derived from oil has as barren imagination and curiosity of naturalists and chemists in respect of plant and animal products. For most people, wood is one of the tables, or panels particle board, or the source of cellulose for paper or for various types of rayon. But in reality each tree there are many substances such as cellulose (plural), hemicellulose, lignin, tannins, resins, etc., some of which have in the past, power and industrial activities could be used in future for many others.

conditions and geopolitical conflicts that have excluded some countries from access to certain materials (think self-sufficiency in the Soviet period, fascist and Nazi), or the occasional surpluses of agricultural products (in the period of great crisis in the together), or the temporary price increase and shortage of certain raw materials (for example, during the "oil crisis" seventies of last century), led from time to time to review the living resources as sources of raw materials and commodities, on the whole, however, in recent decades have been lost expertise, seeds, bacterial cultures, for it becomes increasingly difficult to a resurgence of industrial initiatives based on many techniques that were important in the past. It seems possible, however, some new trends.

The first is that it seems increasingly clear that the dependence of a world society of resources destined to run out as non-renewable, is "unsustainable." The Sun and products, "sources" that the sun produces every year, in the same as it is always the same type, it is essential to turn to for energy and goods for a company that is worried about his future or, as they say, "sustainable" (whatever that word means).

The second important reason for interest in the materials derived from the Sun depends on the increasing attention to the negative environmental effects of present goods: many goods synthetic petroleum, greet, to their appearance, as a means to "liberate" from the bondage of nature , considered to be designed and modified at will, are not biodegradable and remain intact long after use and create problems for other goods smaltimento.Molte synthetic (dyes, pesticides, additives) have proved harmful to human health and natural ecosystems, to the point of inducing the abandonment of the "new" products to return to natural products. One of the best known cases is that synthetic insecticide DDT, which had supplanted the pesticides based on derivatives of pyrethrum, and after some years, was banned and had to again use the same derivatives of pyrethrum.

The third trend is the fact that the synthetic production of goods is only possible in high technology facilities and concentration of capital and knowledge, which are only available in developed countries. Such goods are available to the countries of the South only if they accept a position neocolonial dominated by international capital. There are signs of growing impatience with this perspective and a growing focus on goods that can be obtained from the great natural resources of biological origin and constantly renewable, that many countries of the South have, with facilities built and in operation on site. The publications of the FAO and other international bodies clearly show this trend.

in favor of birth or rebirth of activities associated with agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, the richness of the biomass, in short, is the fact that the millions of plant and animal species existing in nature, only a few hundred thousand are were observed and characterized scientifically e hanno ricevuto un "nome", e soltanto di poche centinaia sono stati esplorati a fondo i caratteri botanici, zoologici e chimici in relazione al loro uso come fonti di materie prime e merci.

Il principio dell'economia tradizionale che spinge a utilizzare soltanto le materie che assicurano una elevata resa di "denaro" per unità di superficie coltivata o per unità di peso, ha provocato un graduale impoverimento delle varietà vegetali e animali utilizzate. Tale impoverimento è stato trasferito anche nei paesi sottosviluppati da cui vengono tratte molte delle materie di interesse commerciale. L'abbandono, per motivi di prezzo, di molte merci di origine naturale ha provocato un impoverimento della diversità biologica e la scomparsa fiber plants or used as sources of dyes and medicines, as well as many species of animals that have had commercial interest in the past.

One reason for optimism for the resumption of the use of many commodity resources lies in the enormous variety of biological molecules that they contain: as "chemistry" was born as "the chemistry of natural substances, attention to these substances has been declining, because of their commercial interest of the child. The pharmaceutical industry is probably the only one that is still convenient for the preparation of new medicines from natural molecules subject to change.

There is another interesting aspect: the commercial production products, especially foodstuffs in industrial countries requires the use of processing and preservation techniques that generate large quantities of by-products rich in organic molecules that often create disposal problems and pollution sources. Think of the canned products and waste industry, the dairy industry, industry of slaughtering and meat processing, and so on. We can calculate that every two pounds of dry organic matter from organic food that comes in the current cycle, at least one kilogram or even end up in waste in the trash. A closer knowledge of the chemical composition and physical character of these differences may allow to recover large quantities of goods being used as "secondary materials" such products.

The grounds for optimism for a product category based on materials from the "solar" is the great imagination that nature manifests itself in its organic synthesis. About 60% of the biomass plant is carbohydrates such as sugars, cellulose, starch, which are then the first materials that formed in the process of photosynthesis. --- With only three atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen --- the nature of "factory" in a wide variety of combinations, diverse materials, often gathered for the first phase of development of seeds, sometimes as building materials capable of carrying water and inorganic salts from the soil to tens meters in height.

of this great biomass, available at a rate of about 60 billion tons a year, only a small part --- three or four billion tons a year --- it is used for humans. The paper industry, which absorbs each year many hundreds of millions of tons of lignocellulosic materials, goes looking for their raw materials on the basis of the need to obtain the "cellulose" standard suitable for its production cycles. The textile industry uses a very limited number of cellulosic fibers, compared to the wide variety of materials offered by nature. The chemical industry produces, sometimes painfully, synthesized molecules that have been and can be obtained via microbiologica dai carboidrati.

Fra la fine dell'Ottocento e i primi decenni del Novecento l'attenzione dei chimici è stata rivolta ai derivati chimici della cellulosa e si è così visto che le modificazioni dei vari gruppi funzionali alcolici consentivano di ottenere numerose sostanze, per la maggior parte poi abbandonate per il loro scarso interesse finanziario immediato. Sono sopravvissuti alcuni acetati come fibre artificiali o materie per pellicole, di limitata produzione, e i nitrati utilizzati come ingredienti per esplosivi. Il successo delle pellicole di polimeri sintetici ha spazzato via l'interesse per quelle di cellulosa rigenerata (tipo cellophane) che pure presentano importanti proprietà di permeabilità ai gas, ai liquids and biodegradability.

A better understanding of the lignin --- lignocellulosic materials accompanying the cellulose at a rate of about one part every two or three parts of cellulose --- could make a contribution to new ways of using paper and paperboard used in front an increasing difficulty of the operations for their transformation into new paper products.

The other major class of macromolecules of carbohydrates are the starches, substances with very different composition and molecular weight, ranging from one plant species to another and capable of transformation into many derivatives, so far little studied. For microbiological or chemical hydrolysis of starch are formed numerous substances, "Dextrins", as highly variable chemical and physical characteristics and use only a limited extent. Similar considerations apply to many sugars from monosaccharides such as glucose, disaccharides, sugars "rare", which exists in large quantities in nature and biological properties of which little is known. Many of these are capable of providing products, some of which are known from the chemical point of view, but so far little or nothing studied in terms of technical properties that probably would open the door to many employment sectors.

The proteins present in all plants and animals, are the foundation stones for all biological phenomena. The nature, with infinite imagination, starting da un limitato numero di amminoacidi, che sono le "pietre fondamentali" delle proteine, ha predisposto i comuni materiali da costruzione per organi vitali tanto diversi fra loro. Nelle pareti cellulari delle foglie, nel sangue animale, nelle ali delle farfalle, troviamo proteine diversissime come caratteri e funzioni; la diversità deriva dalle proporzioni in cui sono presenti tali amminoacidi e della loro successione.

Nonostante la varietà delle proteine esistenti in natura soltanto pochissime hanno ricevuto attenzione, al di fuori degli usi alimentari e di quelli dell'industria conciaria e tessile (seta, lana). Poche sostanze proteiche (quelle della caseina, della zeina, dell'arachide) sono state utilizzate per la produzione di artificial, now abandoned. Yet every year millions of tons of protein food industry, from whey, which are present in the residue from the extraction of fats, slaughterhouse waste and tannery operations, etc., are poor for uses such as power livestock, or the fertilization of soils, even when they are not thrown way constitute sources of pollution. Many of these proteins are of animal origin, rich in essential amino acids, and could be used for the integration of poor food, such as those that are the basis of nutrition in many countries of the South.

The same considerations apply to the fantasy of nature lipids, the constituents of the oils and fats of plant and animal origin, which are also produced industrially, especially for food, in an amount of about 100 million tons a year. The success of synthetic surfactants and synthetic glycerol reduced the field of industrial application of natural fats: here the considerations "green" has brought to life, in household detergents, albeit limited, certain types of soaps because of their agricultural biodegradability.

There are many avenues open for use, with success, natural dyes, gums and resins, terpenes, many vitamins and sterols, especially in those cases in which properties di interesse commerciale sono associate a strutture chimiche abbastanza complicate e non riproducibili per via sintetica.

A puro titolo di curiosità, e come esempio della potenziale ricchezza di moltissimi prodotti quasi sconosciuti del Sud del mondo, si può ricordare la storia della produzione, nel 1951, da parte dell'industria messicana Syntex, del cortisone dalla diosgenina ricavata dalla radice dell'igname messicano; lo stesso gruppo di chimici americani e messicani, operando nel Messico, preparò, sempre nel 1951, dal testosterone il contraccettivo orale noretindrone, "la pillola" (è questo il titolo di un libro di Carl Djerassi, pubblicato da Garzanti, che racconta tutta questa avventura) che avrebbe fatto diminuire the growth rate of world population and revolutionized sexual mores of billions of pairs. This is an example of how the revolution of biomass could grow in the South and new industries, research and production based on local materials.

The challenge of that nature offers in vegetable and animal products produced each year, with extraordinary regolatrità and on time from the Sun, such a great variety and complication of substances can be accepted only with as much imagination and chemical research. We are facing a difficult chemistry, but that is why the chemical and firms in developed countries could commit themselves, using the finest tools available today to create new goods, processes and employment opportunities, with benefits both the South and the North of the world, remembering that many solutions have been found and were then abandoned, with a depletion of the wealth of knowledge, a process similar to the loss of biodiversity values.

At this point I would respectfully recommend that we pay attention, in consultancy firms, industries, universities, what could be done to characterize, detect, process, the wealth of material goods "solar". A "solar product category" that could start going to bring to light experiences and knowledge of the past forgotten, and which may perhaps in future years e decenni, dare un contributo per farci uscire dalle trappole di un cammino che per ora continua a manifestarsi insostenibile.

Winchester Model 1400 Mkii Value

growth peak and decline of the goods

IV Congresso ASPO-Italia sul tema: “Terra 3.1”
Trento, Facoltà di Ingegneria, 5-6 Novembre 2010

Giorgio Nebbia nebbia@quipo.it

Questo breve intervento propone la tesi che la maggior parte dei processi di produzione dei beni materiali, che chiamerò “merci”, ottenuti dalla trasformazione di risorse naturali inevitabilmente limitate, o dei processi di utilizzazione (consumo) di merci in un mercato e in uno spazio inevitabilmente limitati, sono destinati ad affrontare un ciclo di crescita a cui segue il raggiungimenti di un massimo di produzione o utilizzazione --- “picco” --- a cui segue una fase di declino, talvolta di scomparsa.

Il fenomeno ha analogie con quelli che si manifestano nelle popolazioni vegetali e animali. La crescita e il declino di una popolazione di merci in un territorio limitato o con risorse limitate può essere in genere descritta con equazioni logistiche con vari termini che frenano la crescita a mano a mano che aumenta la popolazione della merce in esame.

Talvolta la crescita di una popolazione di merci può essere accelerata da incentivi fiscali o una produzione in declino può essere tenuta artificialmente in vita all’avvicinarsi o dopo il raggiungimento del picco, ugualmente con incentivi fiscali, Similar to aggressive treatment, in general, limited and little lasting effect (protectionism in autarky).

will be examined here are some examples of each of these conditions, supporting the view of the inevitability of the growth cycle-peak to decline.

(a) The decline in production of goods depends on impoverished reserves, inevitably limited, the materials extracted from nature. It 's the most frequent and most studied. The phenomenon can occur on a local scale (in this case involves each region), or on a planetary scale.

Examples can be carefully designed to remember the "peak" oil production in individual countries or areas (such as the United States and the North Sea) or in the whole world, the main subject of study of this association Other examples are offered by the exhaustion of reserves of sulfur in Sicily, native sulfur extracted with the Frasch process in the United States and Poland, the phosphate in oceanic islands of Nauru and Christmas, the depletion of reserves in the Plateau Chilean caliche.

(b) Sometimes the decline of the extraction of goods from a reservoir or decline in the use of a production process, followed by a resurrection due to some technical innovation, it is the case of extraction of natural gas in Italy that after a peak around 1973-74 and relative decline, had a recovery, with the achievement of new deposits, resulting in around 1994 and peak current decline.

Other examples are offered by a brief resurrection of the fountain pens compared to the dominant market for pens, a tendency to resurrection, for reasons of fashion or "green" of some natural fibers, which have long since reached the peak of production (hemp and flax) in a market dominated by synthetic fibers.

Chance Claus process, which was developed in the second half of the nineteenth century, to recover sulfur from calcium sulfide, a byproduct of the production of pollutant Leblanc soda, after the cessation of that product availability è resuscitato per recuperare zolfo (fonte di inquinamento) dal gas naturale e dai prodotti petroliferi.

(c) Il declino e la scomparsa di una merce, dopo che ha raggiunto un picco di produzione, sono stati determinati dalla scoperta di effetti nocivi o inquinanti, nel qual caso il suo uso e la sua produzione sono vietati da una autorità o dal comune sentire

Si possono citare, fra i tanti, il caso del piombo tetraetile, del talidomide, del mercurio in molte utilizzazioni, dell’amianto, di insetticidi clorurati a cominciare dal DDT, di alcuni esteri fosforici, di PCB, di alcuni coloranti per alimenti (coloranti liposolubili Sudan), di alcuni coloranti per capelli.

La datazione dei rispettivi peaks can only be made about a lack of statistical data.

(d) The decline can be determined by the introduction of processes that produce the same goods with less consumption of raw materials, energy or money or with less pollution. In these cases usually use the first process or manufacturing the goods, after reaching the peak disappears, and often the second process or commodity, in turn, suffers the competition of another process or merchandise and so on.

An example is provided with the Bessemer process of steel production, driven by steel produced with open hearth process, driven by the process oxygen, the last two substitutions partly due to the need to deal with growing quantities of scrap.

The production of sodium carbonate with the Leblanc process has been replaced by one with the Solvay process due to excessive amounts of waste (calcium sulfide, hydrogen chloride) generated in the Leblanc process whose peak has occurred over the last decades of the nineteenth .

The synthetic indigo has replaced all of the indigo whose peak production has occurred over the last decades of the nineteenth century, the replacement in India has caused a serious economic and social crisis that has accelerated the movement for independence from ' England.

The production of nitric acid by ammonia has replaced the short synthetic production of nitric acid synthetic oven, with a peak in the early twentieth century. In domestic heating in Italy and perhaps in other countries, the use of wood has been supplanted by the use of coke, which in turn was soppiantatati fuel oil, and then from low-sulfur diesel fuel and then mostly methane.

In the production of surfactants and the production of alkyl sulfonated branched alkyl sulphate (obtained using the tetrameter of propylene by-product at a low price to the petrochemical industry), non-biodegradable has been supplanted by that of alchilfolfati or sulfonated linear relation more biodegradable.

Other examples of invasion by the market of goods or processes that have supplanted the background shall be offered by the competition against the parchment paper, as part of lighting kerosene supplanted whale oil, gas lighting HJA replaced the kerosene, the spread of electric lighting has replaced gas lighting.

The transistors have replaced the vacuum tubes, computers have replaced typewriters, fountain pens have replaced the fountain pen and nib.
Each new operating system or computer model has replaced the previous ones, etc. In each of

these transitions are recognizing the growth cycle-peak-decline in commodity or process.

(e) The introduction of goods that meet the same needs but cost less and are more convenient than the existing and dominant, could lead to the coexistence of the two productions, one of which, however, typically declines after reaching a peak.

A case is offered by the competition between soaps and synthetic detergents. Until the first half of the twentieth century the only soap detergent was represented by: the invention of synthetic detergents in the soap has taken away the market for fabric washing, leaving the market to use soap for personal hygiene. The resurrection of the curious little soap (the "Marseille") as an additive to some preparations for washing.

Since the mid-nineteenth century sugar beet was placed in the market of cheaper sugar cane, occupying about one third of the total sugar market, thanks to government incentives in virtually all countries. Such incentives ceased the production of beet sugar declined. In Italy the peak was reached in the early years of this decade and currently Italy refines raw cane sugar.

Olive oil is excellent for cooking oil until the early twentieth century. The emergence of cheaper seed oils has entered the market for edible oils; initially hampered by disincentives tax against oil seeds, now the two types of edible oils coexist, sharing about half of the oil market Italian food, thanks to tax incentives, more or less occult, in respect of olive oil.

Similar situations have occurred with the competition between margarine and butter, including natural rubber and synthetic rubber, including petrol and diesel as fuel for motor vehicles.

The production of steel in electric furnaces from scrap living with full-cycle production process.

The natural fibers (cotton and wool), have been a weak competition from synthetic fibers (cellulose, such as rayon) and strong competition from synthetic fibers that share today, worldwide, about half the market for textile fibers, coexisting with cotton and wool, but after almost completely supplanted hemp and flax.

(f) After a good peaked, the decline can be avoided with temporary operations, aggressive treatment by public subsidies.

Sicilian sulfur production was kept alive during the Fascist autarchy, during periods of war or self-sufficiency, there was a brief appearance of goods or processes, kept alive artificially, then abandoned some technologies, however, are susceptible to temporary resurrections in particular conditions of scarcity of alternative goods. A case

è rappresentato dalla crescita, picco, declino e resurrezione, col nome di bioetanolo, dell’alcol etilico carburante.

(g) Saturazione della soddisfazione dei “consumatori”, cioè della carrying capacity del mercato, ma anche dello spazio disponibile. Ogni persona può possedere o usare una quantità di merci fisiche limitate, al di là delle quali non sa che cosa farsene o dove metterle.

Questo vale per la saturazione del consumo (e declino della produzione) di molti beni mobili: una persona può avere due o tre ma non venti divani o automobili o televisori o frigoriferi, eccetera. Un altro caso è offerto dal declino della produzione di piastrelle che ha raggiunto il picco nel 2001. Per far fronte a questa saturazione fisica del mercato e conseguente pressione dei fabbricanti, i governi e le imprese provvedono o tentano di intervenire con incentivi alla sostituzione di vecchi modelli con nuovi, alla creazione di mode che spingono a tale sostituzione, o con incentivi fiscali come nel caso delle automobili.

Quanto si è detto finora --- e la storia della tecnica e della merceologia --- suggeriscono che si tratta di tentativi di accanimento terapeutico destinati prima o poi all’insuccesso, cioè ad una temporanea ripresa della produzione del consumo seguita da picchi e declini.

La presente breve analisi si propone come suggerimento di comportamenti a governi e ad imprese. Non è possibile continuare a martellare a population of consumers with the myth that you should always buy new goods: cars, mobile phones, appliances, equipment for sound recording, computers, because all the efforts, often very large and expensive to beat the competition by offering new goods that have some alleged innovation, end up clashing with the inevitable limitations of the carrying capacity of the market. These efforts

investment and innovation could be more usefully employed to design the best goods, make them safer and more environmentally sustainable and in the process of manufacture, use and disposal after use. The analysis of growth trends could usefully inform when are close to saturation, and the signs could allow economic forecasts, political and technical able to avoid costly mistakes.

Unfortunately not always consistent and comparable data are available on the production of goods for a period long enough to allow the analysis of growth curves and the development of accurate forecasts. Sometimes the changes are so fast that governments and businesses realize when mistakes have already been made expensive investments, there have been numerous examples of incorrect predictions in the field of telecommunications, energy, transportation.