La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno, martedì 23 novembre 2010.
Giorgio Nebbia nebbia@quipo.it
Propongo di chiamare riciclo-logia quel capitolo della Merceologia che si occupa della tecnologia del riciclo dei materiali usati e delle proprietà dei prodotti riciclati. Chi volesse svolgere questo corso in una Università ha oggi a disposizione un apposito trattato chiamato: “L’Italia del riciclo”, pubblicata nei mesi scorsi dalla Fondazione per lo sviluppo sostenibile, una organizzazione presieduta da Edo Ronchi che è stato Ministro dell’ambiente nel governo Prodi (1996-1998) e che ha legato al suo nome al primo decreto moderno e organico sul trattamento dei rifiuti.
Come tale decreto ben specifica, la prima azione da fare per diminuire la massa waste that ends up in landfills and incinerators is to reuse the materials in which the goods, products used and thrown away (those who "refuse" and therefore are called "waste") are made. This is to revive in the form of new products, those that are rejected, a company that should mobilize scientists, chemists, engineers and production, but in reality very little is being implemented.
For starters you should know what each product is made. For example, it's easy to say paper, but to get new paper from waste paper and ink should know where and what types of additives such as cellulose have been used in the manufacture of each piece of paper and cardboard discarded. Despite the many gaps in the information, many things you can do to obtain goods which are still useful by almost 40 million tons of municipal solid waste and 150 million tons of waste "special".
The book provides many useful suggestions mentioned at the beginning explaining the origin of their merchandise, some characters, and the results of several different processes for recycling of waste. The first chapter concerns the paper in 2008 have been released for consumption around 11 million tonnes of paper and cardboard, about half of them in the form of packages: the collection of the total was around 6 million tonnes, but these were avviate al riciclo circa 3 milioni di tonnellate, soprattutto di imballaggi che sono raccolti diligentemente dai supermercati e dai negozi: avrete visto che la sera accanto al cassonetto, davanti ai negozi, ci sono cartoni ben ripiegati che saranno raccolti e che sono destinati al riciclo, un processo che produce anche lui dei residui e rifiuti. Nel complesso di tutta la carta e i cartoni consumati circa il 40 percento va perduto, il che mostra quanto ancora si possa migliorare nel campo delle raccolta differenziata e del riciclo di questa frazione merceologica.
Un po’ meglio vanno le cose per il vetro; rispetto ad un consumo nazionale di vetro di circa 4,5 milioni di tonnellate nel 2009, il consumo di imballaggi è stato di circa 2 milioni di tonnes of which were collected about 1.5 million tonnes, of which just over 1.3 million tons are from separate collection, which also provides just over 1.1 million tons of material reused in really production of new glass, the glass improperly collected with other waste plastic, metals, etc., is lost. The study concluded that indicates how far to go yet well made for a collection of glass packaging alone, a real, not fake, waste collection, just so you can actually use less raw materials (sand, sodium carbonate, marble, etc.) , less water and energy.
Other interesting chapters riciclologia of this Treaty relating to the plastics, rubber and used tires, wood, aluminum and other nonferrous metals, scrap metals and steel packaging as "cans" used in many foods and beverages; the so-called WEEE, ie household waste, fridges, washing machines, but also of electronic equipment such as computers, televisions, etc.. In Italy in 2009 were marketed refrigerators, air conditioners and water heaters for a weight of 120,000 tons, it is conceivable that more or less the same amount has been thrown away, but the waste of these devices have been identified about 60,000 tonnes, making think that a lot ended up in illegal dumps. In the same year were placed on the market 74,000 tonnes of televisions and monitors, and they were collected for 58,000 tons.
While the recycling of goods "simple", such as paper, glass, plastic, it is relatively easy, the recovery of materials from complex goods such as appliances and electronic waste raises difficult environmental problems because sometimes even contain toxic substances, many of which are unknown in because sometimes they are appliances made many years ago, no one knows how. A portion of electronic waste, for example, is exported to Africa, India, China, Far East, where many patients hands dismantled (Often without taking precautions to health and environment) components in their equipment to recover precious metals hidden in the midst of plastics and other materials. Similar problems have in the disposal of vehicles (in 2009 was 1.2 million tonnes, the weight of those slated for demolition) and batteries and accumulators.
The law not only provides for the collection of used lubricating oils, which are partly recycled, but also waste oils and fats after frying in industry and local restaurants and in 2009 they were harvested 42,000 tons, a amount will increase. It is estimated that each year about 280,000 tons of fat frying be thrown away (not counting those that are thrown away in the domestic sector) and this mass of fat used improperly placed in the sewers, hamper the functioning of water treatment, when they could, with appropriate treatments, lubricants and even become fuel for diesel engines. There's wealth in waste and sewers.
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