Benito Leoci bleoci@yahoo.it
Abstract The need to distinguish not only with a name with a code or serial number, products, goods, and even people is very old, being connected to the need clearly identify, quickly and without the possibility errors, the same objects or people. Increased demand in recent times with the proliferation of compounds and goods of all kinds. The assignment of a code for a molecule to a weapon or a portable volume solves different problems. In the first case you want to go back to the formula and the chemical and physical properties of the compound, the second is to identify the owner of the weapon, in the third case you want to help you find the volume1 in a library or you want to meet other needs (for complete catalogs, for accounting, etc...) The last area hit by a coding system is that of waste, as we shall see.
Meanwhile, however, in some areas stato relativamente semplice contraddistinguere con un nome o un numero l’oggetto da identificare (si pensi ai mezzi di trasporto, alle abitazioni, ai libri, ecc.), in altri settori l’impresa si è rilevata più difficile del previsto. Si pensi ai composti chimici e ai prodotti derivati e, in particolare, ai rifiuti. Esaminiamo più da vicino alcuni di questi settori e i relativi sistemi di codificazione.
Composti e prodotti chimici
Il bisogno di individuare con precisione le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche degli elementi e dei loro composti con l’uso di simboli e nomi, nasce nel corso del 17° secolo (2), quando l’alchimia si trasforma in chimica. Come si possono denominare i tentativi JV Dobereiner, JAR Newlands, JL Meyer, and those more fortunate, Mendeleev (3), to sort and classify the chemical elements, if not as a necessity to give a name and number to each item so you can inferred without error, all property related? About
chemical compounds, the work to find a convenient way to give them a unique name and clear, was longer and started practically in 1919 with the birth of the IUPAC (4). Previously, however, in 1911, had met in Paris the International Association of Chemical Societies (IACS), in order to establish, among other things, the nomenclature of organic and inorganic chemicals, the standard of atomic weights and physical constants, and other characteristics. The first attempt at international level, to devise a system for naming organic chemicals, however, is attributed to Kekule, who in 1860 organized the first of a series of meetings, from which came later the Geneva Conference (Geneva Nomenclature), 1892 .
At the same time, with increasing number of chemical compounds that are synthesized or identified (if they exist in nature), is becoming increasingly clear the need for recourse to a system and should be easy to call them, classify and describe them. The problem is evidently also the authors of the Chemisches Zentralblatt, the Berichte of Chemical Abstracts and other children, who were also offered the task of gathering, applied in volumes, to be published periodically, summaries of articles concerning the chemical in some way, that appeared in scientific journals species in Europe and U.S.. The
Chemisches Zentralblatt born 1830 in Leipzig, at the initiative of a certain Leopold Voss, editor, and Gustav T. Fechner, philosopher, physicist, under the name "Pharmaceutisches Centralblatt. The idea is to publish summaries of articles concerning pharmaceutical products, which appeared on German and foreign magazines. 1864, the editors introduce a comprehensive index that can be considered as the first system of classification of compounds. Il 1884, con l’introduzione delle formule di struttura dei composti considerati, si ha un’altra svolta nella storia di queste pubblicazioni. Il Chemisches Zentralblatt conosce il massimo successo nel periodo1897-1938, per poi subire un lento declino a partire dagli anni del II conflitto mondiale, seguito dalla divisione della Germania nelle due repubbliche. Il 31 dicembre del 1969 cessano le pubblicazioni con l’uscita dalla produzione della “Akademie Verlag” della Repubblica Democratica che negli anni precedenti, con alterne vicende, aveva collaborato attivamente con la “Verlag Chemie” della Repubblica Federale (poi riuniti dal 1949 nella Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). La Verlag Chemie confluisce nella American Chemical Society (ACS) to assist with the publication of Chemical Abstracts. In 140 years the public Chemisches Zentralblatt5 140 volumes consisting of 700 000 pages, containing 3 million 200 thousand pages of summaries and indexes. Each compound is described by its name (or the various names), with its formula, with the summary of the main property and indexed with an identification code. As for the
Berichte, The first volume appeared in 1868 under the title "Berichte der deutschen chemischen Geselschaft. In 1919, under number 52, the volumes are divided into two series (A: Vereins-Nachrichten and B: Abhandlungen), to assume, from 1947 (after a year break due to problems of post war) until 1996, the name of "Chemische Berichte". The latter, 1997 is absorbed by the "Recueil des Travaux Chimiques Dutch Journal des Pays-Bas," to form the "Chemische Berichte / Recueil" and "Liebigs Annalen / Recueil. The following year, both are merged with other European magazines, respectively, to form the 'European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry' and the 'European Journal of Organic Chemistry. " In the same century
19 other magazines are born with the same purpose: in France, "Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France" (1863), GB in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1671). In the U.S., by Arthur A. Noyes6, part of the "Review of American Chemical Research" (1895), which after two years becomes a supplement of the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS). The JACS 1902 became editor of the William A. Noyes, a cousin of Arthur, who was convinced of the opportunity to publish a magazine containing summaries of articles on topics of chemistry, published in other journals. Within four years convinced of the goodness of his idea, publishers and ACS begin the publication of "Chemical Abstracts (CA). The relentless development of CA in the following years until the complete domination of the sector worldwide, is due to work a certain EJ Crane is editor for 41 years until 1956 when he became the first director of the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) or the transformation of the organization in an operating division of ACS.
seems useful to recall some milestones in the CA. In 1965 we introduce the CAS Chemical Registry System. The consequent use of the CAS Registry Number, to identify substances, preventing the use of terms often ambiguous. Chemists can count on accurate information, useful both for research and to avoid hazards to health and environment. In 1968 he started the use of magnetic tape to record data and information available. The year 1980 is adopted, "CAS on-line, to make available to researchers the CAS Registry database. The 1983 ACS and FIZ Karlsruhe STN sign an agreement to prepare an international online network that became operational the following year. The 1995 was introduced the "SciFinder" a tool that allows direct access to the CAS database.
development and success of the ACS are unstoppable. To give an idea of \u200b\u200bits size and the information work carried out during the 20th century, just remember that it has approximately 160 000 employees, distributed throughout the world, while on the premises are occupied almost 2,000 people. Among its editors and authors have included over 200 Nobel laureates. Publishes 39 scientific journals. Fino al 2009 ha raccolto e riportato 27 milioni di estratti di articoli scientifici. Il 7 settembre 2009 il CAS ha annunciato di aver registrato nel CAS Registry, con il numero 1181081-51-51, la 50 milionesima molecola, una nuova “arilmetilidene eterociclica” avente proprietà analgesiche (7).
Merci
Nel corso del 20° secolo un gran numero di nuove molecole, fra quelle scoperte e sintetizzate, viene utilizzato per produrre merci di ogni genere (prodotti farmaceutici, vernici, pesticidi, tessuti, oli lubrificanti, ecc.), che vengono immessi al consumo, spesso senza una adeguata precedente sperimentazione circa la loro innocuità per la salute umana e l’ambiente. Alcuni di questi provocano disastri8, others reveal the dangerous long-term environmental and health9. Arises the need to quickly and accurately identify the characteristics of these new goods in order to prepare carefully the terms of their transport, their management, the actions to be taken in case of accidents. It is clear that the only way forward, once again, is to mark each product with a code to be used if necessary to connect it to a file containing all the necessary information (method of storage, transport, type interventions in case of accidents, etc.).. This need is strongly felt first in the shipping industry, where since the early 50 'there had been a series of disasters caused by some goods while navigazione10. A special UN body is at work and soon compile a volume loose-known as the Blue Book, showing the manner of handling and storing goods to be transported. Way that all the commanders of merchant ships must comply or risk losing insurance coverage provided by the P & I Club in London or other insurance companies. Followed by similar volumes for transportation by rail, by land and by air (11).
regard then the general management of chemicals, in order to reduce hazards to the environment and human health in these recent years, many provisions are enacted at both UN and EU, concerning the modalities of registration, classification and labeling of the same. Since these rules are not always consistent with each other, then you feel the need to act again in order to harmonize and update the same (12). In the UN, under the pressure of the decisions adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the GHS is processed (13) for the management of these substances. In Europe was the REACH Regulation 1907/2006, then completed with the Regulation No 1272/2008, "CLP - Classification, Labelling, Packaging, in force since 20 January 2009 (OJEU L 353 / 2008). The REACH and CLP, side by side, now constitute the regulatory framework for all aspects of chemicals, and as such, that contained in mixtures or goods.
The latter, however, sooner or later become waste. It wastes are also produced during the production process. He was born as a result the need for action on waste also give them specific names and codes in order to unequivocally follow the various phases of their operation, always with the aim of preventing damage to the environment and human health.
Waste
Since the late '70s in Europe, but also in the states of North America, explodes a hectic legislative activity to address the growing problems caused by environmental pollution. The increase in population, industrialization driven by the wild growth of consumption, an increasing impact on the environment, damaging, often irreversibly, the quality of air, water and land. Scientific journals, but also in the press and other media, appear new terms and concepts, never heard before, such as dioxin, PCBs, acid rain, eutrophication, methylmercury, hexachlorophene, thalidomide, etc.. And there's books describing the U.S. this is even more alarming: the silent spring, food that kills, the ring of King Solomon, etc.. To fight or at least counteract the progressive deterioration of the environment is the easiest recourse to law or the adoption of rules now known as "command and control." It would take too long to remember the river of rules laid down in those years, the last two decades of the twentieth century, both in Europe and North America and most industrialized countries of the Far East. The fact is that at the beginning of the third millennium begins to notice that despite the rules and related penalties, the deterioration of the environment continues unabated with the unrelenting growth of population and excessive proliferation of rules and regulations. The legal instrument not only proves insufficient, but if misused, even counterproductive. In our country, launched in the wake alarm by scholars (some come to feel that the environment also die from too much attention), 2002, the then Environment Minister in charge is forced to admit (14) that "too many laws end up however, inevitably become unfit for achieving the objectives: either the public administration know how to implement and enforce them. " Admission is caused "hyper production of legislation and bureaucratic excesses, is the fact that" Italian companies (ma anche quelle degli altri Paesi europei) devono compilare ogni anno 3 milioni di moduli impiegando 50 milioni di ore di lavoro e spendendo oltre 700 milioni di euro”. Continua detto Ministro ricordando il proliferare di “registri, formulari, moduli, albi speciali e iscrizioni farraginose, contraddittorie e sbagliate che penalizzano gli imprenditori e possono costituire anche uno stimolo alla violazione delle regole”. Non si può non convenire con queste osservazioni, solo che dopo otto anni nulla è cambiato, il proliferare delle leggi continua e quelle errate precedenti non vengono migliorate. Gira in questi giorni in Parlamento, per l’approvazione, un disegno di legge che interviene pesantemente sulla parte IV del D. Lgs. n. 152/0615. Just take a look at the changes listed in order to understand the many issues raised by the quality standards that are not even want to touch touched. Among these, to remain unchanged is the European Waste Catalogue, better known as the EWC codes. Codes on the paper were to simplify the life of professionals (police, waste producers, public administration, etc..), But in fact have increased the confusion and the work of those who are forced to use them. Let's see why, but not before pointing out that the environment is the only sector where the introduction of codes has worsened the situation before, increasing uncertainty and doubt. The ERC
The list of wastes for coding was founded in 1994 with the decision of the Commission of the European No 94/3/CEE16, followed soon after by Decision No 94/904/EC concerning the list of hazardous waste (17), in order to give each case a code, to report on all documents concerning the various stages of their management: storage, transport, recovery or disposal. Both of these decisions come in the Italian legislation as an attachment point A 2 (referring to the European Waste Catalogue) and Annex D (relating to hazardous waste codes) to the Decree of 5 February 1997, n. 22. The latter, which implements Directive 91/156/EEC on waste, 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste and 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, replacing the DPR 915/82, did not leave a good memory (18), because postponing the resolution of many problems in future regulations that were never issued. Problems never solved even after the decree in lieu thereof, the first mentioned (D. Lgs. N.152/06).
It reads in Annex A that the "catalog is a classification under a common terminology throughout the Community in order to improve all activities related to waste management. In this regard, the ERC should become the basic reference of the Community's waste statistics .... " The goals ERC must be that of improvement of all activities of waste management as well as enabling the development of statistics at Community level.
Stakeholders, however, did not have time to take possession of the mechanisms for the use of such codes, the list is radically altered as a result of another decision of the Commission, which is launching a new catalog 2000/532/CE19 known as "CER 2002", replacing the previous one. With ERC 2002, abolished in the previous year and 280 codes are introduced 470 new codes, much to the consternation of those concerned, especially for producers or holders of waste that are found in the need to change the codici precedenti sia per compilare registri di carico e scarico, sia i MUD, sia i formulari di identificazione e, soprattutto, accertare se fra i rifiuti gestiti vi sono quelli da riclassificare come pericolosi. Le aziende che hanno poi come attività la gestione dei rifiuti devono anche modificare l’iscrizione all’Albo dei gestori ambientali20. L’individuazione del codice da attribuire a un rifiuto in molti casi non è semplice, ed è ancora più difficoltoso, in alcuni casi, capire se si tratta di rifiuto pericoloso o meno. Tralasciamo quest’ultimo aspetto perché esuleremmo dagli scopi della presente nota, per dare un’occhiata all’iter da seguire per individuare i codici. Ricordiamo solo che quando un rifiuto has already been identified as hazardous its CER is marked with an asterisk.
The allocation of codes.
The allocation of a code for a waste is a task for the producer or in the absence to the holder, as the setting of the catalog is based on knowledge of the production cycle.
codes that mark the waste listed in the catalog consists of three pairs of numbers. The first pair that goes from 01 to 20 is the chapter and indicate the source from which the waste is generated or the production cycle as we could say better. But not always. Follow this logic chapters ranging from 01 to 12 and 17 to 20. Who knows why. The waste producer the search should start in these chapters. If your search is unsuccessful should review chapters 13, 14 and 15 which are attached to certain types of wastes (waste oil, solvents, coolants, packaging, etc.).. Finally, there is a chapter buffer, save list, 16 in which it is used when it can not encode the waste differently, with previous research (here is a list of-life vehicles, waste electrical and electronic products out of specification, explosives, catalysts, etc.., in bulk and without any order). These are the instructions given in the introduction of D mentioned above. In reality the 16 is also connected to certain types of waste, then you do not understand the strange distribution of the code that does not follow any criteria, so from time to time appropriate to consider them all to find what you need.
The other two pairs of numbers indicate, within each chapter, the particular type of waste. But do not let too many illusions, because the information is often generic. For example, in Chapter 02 (Wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, and food preparation) is that the code 020203 are "materials unsuitable for consumption and processing." What do you mean? If they were no longer usable waste.
If, however, the search for other due coppie di numeri è infruttuosa si può ricorrere al codice che termina con 99. Per ritornare all’esempio precedente basta usare il codice 020299 per codificare il proprio rifiuto scrivendo a fianco il nome, che evidentemente il legislatore non conosce perché altrimenti avrebbe provveduto con un codice ad hoc. I codici col finale 99 contrassegnati con la dicitura “rifiuti non specificati altrimenti” sono numerosissimi circa 70, a testimoniare la certezza o l’ignoranza da parte degli estensori di aver trascurato molti rifiuti. E’ superfluo far notare che ricorrendo al codice 99, scrivendo a fianco il nome del rifiuto, si toglie il fine e l’utilità del codice stesso, che è proprio quello di evitare descrizioni.
In the search for a code can also happen the other way and that the person finds that it declined in most chapters, venendosi find it necessary to choose a code rather than another. A company authorized to collect waste, for example, find the "packaging waste" is in Chapter 1501 .. that chapter in 2001 .. Which to use? Chapter 20, then, raises further doubts and uncertainties. The intention of the legislature should be used to encode and express only municipal waste (those produced by households and street cleaning), including those arising from the collection (hence the confusion on the packaging first cited). Follows that the codes from 01 to 19 relate only to those products or waste from production of any kind. But there is a complication between the municipal waste the legislature, with the D. Legislative Decree No. 152/06 (and all previous legislation), also includes "waste of any nature and origin, lying on the streets and public areas ..." (Article 184, paragraph d, paragraph 2). It follows that if a special waste is abandoned on a street, its code is changed to take the one for Chapter 20, if you find it. But you can always resort to 200199 or 200399. Thus, rejection is always that but the codes change depending on circumstances. It 's like the freshman engine or a gun or the ISBN of a book should change according to the place where they are.
To complicate matters often involved some circulars from the Ministry of Environment. For the abandoned syringes in public places, for example, which by definition should be municipal waste, circulars indicate the use of the code * 180103, in which among other things, it is difficult to identify the syringes (the term is appropriate because: "hazardous waste collection and disposal is subject to special").
going through the catalog are also waste that should not be regarded as not covered by D. Legislative Decree 152/06. Among these we find explosives che nel catalogo vengono indicati con i codici 160401*, 160402* e 160403*. Ma si trovano anche rifiuti che non esistono più. Con il CER 061304* si indicano i rifiuti derivanti dalla lavorazione dell’amianto. C’è qualcuno in Europa che continua a lavorare l’amianto?
Conclusioni
Un semplice esame dei documenti citati, pone in evidenza una lunga serie di incongruenze, omissioni, errori dovuti probabilmente all’assenza, nei comitati o commissioni che procedono alla loro elaborazione, di merceologi o studiosi di discipline affini (Tecnologie dei cicli produttivi, ecc.).
Il sistema utilizzato per codificare i rifiuti, organizzato secondo la fonte di provenienza, non è condivisibile for the simple reason that leads to duplication or repetition with consequent uncertainty. The use of codes 13, 14 15 and 16 is the clearest proof of the failure criterion adopted. The issue of encryption is not to be neglected. The agents of the NOE stop when a lorry load of waste is mainly the use of ERC guidelines to control the loads. On the other hand, the adoption of Sistri or traceability of waste will not be effective without the use of codes clear and unequivocal. But do not be very optimistic. The bill mentioned above, pending, which occurs on the fourth of D. Legislative Decree 152/06, the same reports as an attachment CER earlier. Nobody has bothered to check them.
References (1). The ISBN (International Standard Book Number), as is known, is a code size, from 1 January 2007, 13 digits (the first was 10 digits) divided by hyphens into 5 parts division, which equates to an international level title of a particular publisher. ISBN may be generated by a bar code to use the machine-readable. For periodicals using the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) to identify the head. For musical works in their entirety using the ISWC (shares are attributed to other codes. For example, the sheet music for the ISMN in a video recording of an ISAN, etc...) For sound recordings using the ISRC. To identify digital items such as text files, images, music and audiovisual using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier), while the resources on the Internet are identified by the URN (Uniform Resource Names).
(2). Conventionally, the transition is made to coincide with the publication in 1661, the famous book by Boyle (1627-1691), "The Sceptical Chymist", regarded as the act of death of alchemy. Who wants to learn more quickly and alchemy, we recommend the beautiful book of EJ Holmyard, "History of Alchemy", Library Sansoni, Firenze, 1959.
(3). DI Mendeleev (1834 - 1907) published his first periodic table in 1869, stating that "the properties of elements vary periodically with increasing atomic mass." On this scientist were written thousands of pages. Who understood by the parties of S. Petersburg recommend a visit to her home-museum at the local university, the most famous because it houses the library world's longest. The Moscow Metro is a station named after Mendeleev, easily identifiable not only by name, even chandeliers in the shape of molecules.
(4). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry was founded in 1919 by a team of chemists from certain industries and universities, which had noted the need to adopt internationally standardized methods for weighing, measuring, naming chemical compounds already known and those that were synthesized. In this scientific association, international, non-governmental organizations participating 45 nations plus 20 others in various ways connected with the first. Work together more than 1000 chemicals around the world, divided into eight divisions, which in turn consist of various committees. Over time, areas of interest to the IUPAC are expanded to include the study of socio-political impacts of the chemical (availability of raw materials, food chemistry and environmental issues). Currently, the IUPAC care also the publication of a series of books known as "Nomenclature series books" or "Color Books" (Compendium of Chemical Terminology - Gold Book, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - Red Book, etc.)..
(5). For more information, see: R. Willstätter, "Zue Hundertjahrfeier des Chemischen Zentralblattes", Angew. Chem. 1929, 42 p.. 1049; C. Weiske, "Das Chemische Zentralblatt - ein Nachruf", Chemische Berichte 1973, 106.
(6). AA Noyes was a professor of physical chemistry at MIT and the Review was initially a supplement of MIT's Technology Quarterly.
(7). For more information refer to B. Leoci and M. Ruberti, "The nomenclature and codification of the elements, compounds, goods and waste: lights and shadows", in Proceedings of the Conference "The environmental management systems for environmentally sustainable development of the territory", University of Sassari, Alghero-Island dell, 24 to 25 June 2010.
(8). Are well known by the thalidomide disaster, the talcum powder all'esaclorofene from methylmercury, dioxin and many other products.
(9). Among them enough to remember DDT, PCBs, asbestos, which had also proved very useful for different purposes.
(10). See M. Ruberti, B. Leoci, "A dangerous goods transport: calcium hypochlorite, in Proceedings of the XXIV National Congress of Commodity Sciences, Torino / Sunrise 23 to 25 June 2009.
(11). M. Ruberti, G. Map, "The main international legal regulations for the transport of dangerous goods", in Proceedings of the XXIV National Congress of Commodity Sciences, Torino / Sunrise 23 to 25 June 2009.
(12). See S. Massari, M. Ruberti, "The harmonization of international registration, classification and labeling of chemicals. Consequences for Italy, "in Proceedings of the XXIV National Congress of Commodity Sciences, Torino / Sunrise 23 to 25 June 2009.
(13). UN, "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ", New York and Geneva, 2003, ST/SG/AC.10/30. Updated in 2007.
14. Read the presentation "The new rules and classification of waste. CER 2002, Union of Chambers and CONAI, Hyper Editions, Venice, 2002.
(15). Legislative Decree 2 April 2006, No 152, "Environmental Regulations" (OJ n.88/06).
(16). Adopted following Article. 1 bed. A) of Directive 75/442/EEC as amended by Directive 91/156/EEC.
(17). Adopted under Article. 1, paragraph 4 of Directive 91/689/EEC.
(18). Now from both the Neapolitan named as the Order of the insane, as the 22, in Cabala Napoletana, è appunto il numero dei pazzi.
(19). A sua volta modificata dalle decisioni 2001/118/CE, 2001/119/CE e 2001/573/CE.
(20). Quest’Albo ha cambiato nome diverse volte da quando è stato istituito (con legge 29 ottobre 1987, n. 441). Attualmente si chiama Albo dei gestori ambientali. Le ditte per poter esercitare come attività la raccolta e il trasporto dei rifiuti oltre ad altri servizi devono essere iscritte in questo albo.
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